Below is the syntax highlighted version of QuickFindUF.java.
/****************************************************************************** * Compilation: javac QuickFindUF.java * Execution: java QuickFindUF < input.txt * Dependencies: StdIn.java StdOut.java * Data files: https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/15uf/tinyUF.txt * https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/15uf/mediumUF.txt * https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/15uf/largeUF.txt * * Quick-find algorithm. * ******************************************************************************/ package edu.princeton.cs.algs4; /** * The {@code QuickFindUF} class represents a <em>union–find data type</em> * (also known as the <em>disjoint-sets data type</em>). * It supports the classic <em>union</em> and <em>find</em> operations, * along with a <em>count</em> operation that returns the total number * of sets. * <p> * The union–find data type models a collection of sets containing * <em>n</em> elements, with each element in exactly one set. * The elements are named 0 through <em>n</em>–1. * Initially, there are <em>n</em> sets, with each element in its * own set. The <em>canonical element</em> of a set * (also known as the <em>root</em>, <em>identifier</em>, * <em>leader</em>, or <em>set representative</em>) * is one distinguished element in the set. Here is a summary of * the operations: * <ul> * <li><em>find</em>(<em>p</em>) returns the canonical element * of the set containing <em>p</em>. The <em>find</em> operation * returns the same value for two elements if and only if * they are in the same set. * <li><em>union</em>(<em>p</em>, <em>q</em>) merges the set * containing element <em>p</em> with the set containing * element <em>q</em>. That is, if <em>p</em> and <em>q</em> * are in different sets, replace these two sets * with a new set that is the union of the two. * <li><em>count</em>() returns the number of sets. * </ul> * <p> * The canonical element of a set can change only when the set * itself changes during a call to <em>union</em>—it cannot * change during a call to either <em>find</em> or <em>count</em>. * <p> * This implementation uses <em>quick find</em>. * The constructor takes Θ(<em>n</em>) time, where <em>n</em> * is the number of sites. * The <em>find</em>, <em>connected</em>, and <em>count</em> * operations take Θ(1) time; the <em>union</em> operation * takes Θ(<em>n</em>) time. * <p> * For alternative implementations of the same API, see * {@link UF}, {@link QuickUnionUF}, and {@link WeightedQuickUnionUF}. * For additional documentation, see * <a href="https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/15uf">Section 1.5</a> of * <i>Algorithms, 4th Edition</i> by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne. * * @author Robert Sedgewick * @author Kevin Wayne */ public class QuickFindUF { private int[] id; // id[i] = component identifier of i private int count; // number of components /** * Initializes an empty union-find data structure with * {@code n} elements {@code 0} through {@code n-1}. * Initially, each element is in its own set. * * @param n the number of elements * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code n < 0} */ public QuickFindUF(int n) { count = n; id = new int[n]; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) id[i] = i; } /** * Returns the number of sets. * * @return the number of sets (between {@code 1} and {@code n}) */ public int count() { return count; } /** * Returns the canonical element of the set containing element {@code p}. * * @param p an element * @return the canonical element of the set containing {@code p} * @throws IllegalArgumentException unless {@code 0 <= p < n} */ public int find(int p) { validate(p); return id[p]; } // validate that p is a valid index private void validate(int p) { int n = id.length; if (p < 0 || p >= n) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("index " + p + " is not between 0 and " + (n-1)); } } /** * Returns true if the two elements are in the same set. * * @param p one element * @param q the other element * @return {@code true} if {@code p} and {@code q} are in the same set; * {@code false} otherwise * @throws IllegalArgumentException unless * both {@code 0 <= p < n} and {@code 0 <= q < n} * @deprecated Replace with two calls to {@link #find(int)}. */ @Deprecated public boolean connected(int p, int q) { validate(p); validate(q); return id[p] == id[q]; } /** * Merges the set containing element {@code p} with the set * containing element {@code q}. * * @param p one element * @param q the other element * @throws IllegalArgumentException unless * both {@code 0 <= p < n} and {@code 0 <= q < n} */ public void union(int p, int q) { validate(p); validate(q); int pID = id[p]; // needed for correctness int qID = id[q]; // to reduce the number of array accesses // p and q are already in the same component if (pID == qID) return; for (int i = 0; i < id.length; i++) if (id[i] == pID) id[i] = qID; count--; } /** * Reads an integer {@code n} and a sequence of pairs of integers * (between {@code 0} and {@code n-1}) from standard input, where each integer * in the pair represents some element; * if the elements are in different sets, merge the two sets * and print the pair to standard output. * * @param args the command-line arguments */ public static void main(String[] args) { int n = StdIn.readInt(); QuickFindUF uf = new QuickFindUF(n); while (!StdIn.isEmpty()) { int p = StdIn.readInt(); int q = StdIn.readInt(); if (uf.find(p) == uf.find(q)) continue; uf.union(p, q); StdOut.println(p + " " + q); } StdOut.println(uf.count() + " components"); } } /****************************************************************************** * Copyright 2002-2022, Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne. * * This file is part of algs4.jar, which accompanies the textbook * * Algorithms, 4th edition by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne, * Addison-Wesley Professional, 2011, ISBN 0-321-57351-X. * http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu * * * algs4.jar is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * algs4.jar is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with algs4.jar. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses. ******************************************************************************/