Below is the syntax highlighted version of GrayscalePicture.java.
/****************************************************************************** * Compilation: javac GrayscalePicture.java * Execution: java GrayscalePicture filename * Dependencies: none * * Data type for manipulating individual pixels of a grayscale image. The * original image can be read from a file in JPEG, GIF, or PNG format, or the * user can create a blank image of a given dimension. Includes methods for * displaying the image in a window on the screen or saving to a file. * * % java GrayscalePicture mandrill.jpg * * Remarks * ------- * - uses BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB because BufferedImage.TYPE_BYTE_GRAY * seems to do some undesirable color correction when calling getRGB() and * setRGB() * ******************************************************************************/ package edu.princeton.cs.algs4; import java.awt.Color; import java.awt.FileDialog; import java.awt.Toolkit; import java.awt.event.ActionEvent; import java.awt.event.ActionListener; import java.awt.event.KeyEvent; import java.awt.image.BufferedImage; import javax.imageio.ImageIO; import java.io.File; import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.URISyntaxException; import java.net.URL; import javax.swing.ImageIcon; import javax.swing.JFrame; import javax.swing.JLabel; import javax.swing.JMenu; import javax.swing.JMenuBar; import javax.swing.JMenuItem; import javax.swing.JPanel; import javax.swing.KeyStroke; /** * The <code>GrayscalePicture</code> data type provides a basic capability * for manipulating the individual pixels of a grayscale image. * The original image can be read from a {@code PNG}, {@code GIF}, * or {@code JPEG} file or the user can create a blank image of a given dimension. * This class includes methods for displaying the image in a window on * the screen or saving it to a file. * <p> * Pixel (<em>col</em>, <em>row</em>) is column <em>col</em> and row <em>row</em>. * By default, the origin (0, 0) is the pixel in the top-left corner. * These are common conventions in image processing and consistent with Java's * {@link java.awt.image.BufferedImage} data type. * The method {@link #setOriginLowerLeft()} change the origin to the lower left. * <p> * The {@code get()} and {@code set()} methods use {@link Color} objects to get * or set the color of the specified pixel. The {@link Color} objects are converted * to grayscale if they have different values for the R, G, and B channels. * The {@code getGrayscale()} and {@code setGrayscale()} methods use an * 8-bit {@code int} to encode the grayscale value, thereby avoiding the need to * create temporary {@code Color} objects. * <p> * A <em>W</em>-by-<em>H</em> picture uses ~ 4 <em>W H</em> bytes of memory, * since the color of each pixel is encoded as a 32-bit <code>int</code> * (even though, in principle, only ~ <em>W H</em> bytes are needed). * <p> * For additional documentation, see * <a href="https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/31datatype">Section 3.1</a> of * <i>Computer Science: An Interdisciplinary Approach</i> * by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne. * See {@link Picture} for a version that supports 32-bit RGB color images. * * @author Robert Sedgewick * @author Kevin Wayne */ public final class GrayscalePicture implements ActionListener { private BufferedImage image; // the rasterized image private JFrame frame; // on-screen view private String title; // name of file private boolean isOriginUpperLeft = true; // location of origin private boolean isVisible = false; // is the frame visible? private final int width, height; // width and height /** * Creates a {@code width}-by-{@code height} picture, with {@code width} columns * and {@code height} rows, where each pixel is black. * * @param width the width of the picture * @param height the height of the picture * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code width} is negative * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code height} is negative */ public GrayscalePicture(int width, int height) { if (width < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("width must be non-negative"); if (height < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("height must be non-negative"); this.width = width; this.height = height; image = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB); } /** * Creates a new grayscale picture that is a deep copy of the argument picture. * * @param picture the picture to copy * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code picture} is {@code null} */ public GrayscalePicture(GrayscalePicture picture) { if (picture == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("constructor argument is null"); width = picture.width(); height = picture.height(); image = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB); title = picture.title; isOriginUpperLeft = picture.isOriginUpperLeft; for (int col = 0; col < width(); col++) for (int row = 0; row < height(); row++) image.setRGB(col, row, picture.image.getRGB(col, row)); } /** * Creates a grayscale picture by reading an image from a file or URL. * * @param filename the name of the file (.png, .gif, or .jpg) or URL. * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code filename} is {@code null} * @throws IllegalArgumentException if cannot read image from file or URL */ public GrayscalePicture(String filename) { if (filename == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("constructor argument is null"); title = filename; try { // try to read from file in working directory File file = new File(filename); if (file.isFile()) { image = ImageIO.read(file); } else { // resource relative to .class file URL url = getClass().getResource(filename); // resource relative to classloader root if (url == null) { url = getClass().getClassLoader().getResource(filename); } // or URL from web or jar if (url == null) { URI uri = new URI(filename); if (uri.isAbsolute()) url = uri.toURL(); else throw new IllegalArgumentException("could not read image: '" + filename + "'"); } image = ImageIO.read(url); } if (image == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("could not read image: '" + filename + "'"); } width = image.getWidth(null); height = image.getHeight(null); // convert to grayscale in-place for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) { for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) { Color color = new Color(image.getRGB(col, row)); Color gray = toGray(color); image.setRGB(col, row, gray.getRGB()); } } } catch (IOException | URISyntaxException e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("could not open image: " + filename, e); } } // Returns a grayscale version of the given color as a Color object. private static Color toGray(Color color) { int r = color.getRed(); int g = color.getGreen(); int b = color.getBlue(); int y = (int) (Math.round(0.299*r + 0.587*g + 0.114*b)); return new Color(y, y, y); } /** * Returns a {@link JLabel} containing this picture, for embedding in a {@link JPanel}, * {@link JFrame} or other GUI widget. * * @return the {@code JLabel} */ public JLabel getJLabel() { if (image == null) return null; // no image available ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon(image); return new JLabel(icon); } /** * Sets the origin to be the upper left pixel. This is the default. */ public void setOriginUpperLeft() { isOriginUpperLeft = true; } /** * Sets the origin to be the lower left pixel. */ public void setOriginLowerLeft() { isOriginUpperLeft = false; } /** * Displays the picture in a window on the screen. */ public void show() { // create the GUI for viewing the image if needed if (frame == null) { frame = new JFrame(); JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar(); JMenu menu = new JMenu("File"); menuBar.add(menu); JMenuItem menuItem1 = new JMenuItem(" Save... "); menuItem1.addActionListener(this); // Java 11: use getMenuShortcutKeyMaskEx() // Java 8: use getMenuShortcutKeyMask() menuItem1.setAccelerator(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_S, Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMaskEx())); menu.add(menuItem1); frame.setJMenuBar(menuBar); frame.setContentPane(getJLabel()); // f.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE); if (title == null) frame.setTitle(width + "-by-" + height); else frame.setTitle(title); frame.setResizable(false); frame.pack(); } // draw frame.setVisible(true); isVisible = true; frame.repaint(); } /** * Hides the window on the screen. */ public void hide() { if (frame != null) { isVisible = false; frame.setVisible(false); } } /** * Is the window containing the picture visible? * @return {@code true} if the picture is visible, and {@code false} otherwise */ public boolean isVisible() { return isVisible; } /** * Returns the height of the picture. * * @return the height of the picture (in pixels) */ public int height() { return height; } /** * Returns the width of the picture. * * @return the width of the picture (in pixels) */ public int width() { return width; } private void validateRowIndex(int row) { if (row < 0 || row >= height()) throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("row index must be between 0 and " + (height() - 1) + ": " + row); } private void validateColumnIndex(int col) { if (col < 0 || col >= width()) throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("column index must be between 0 and " + (width() - 1) + ": " + col); } private void validateGrayscaleValue(int gray) { if (gray < 0 || gray >= 256) throw new IllegalArgumentException("grayscale value must be between 0 and 255"); } /** * Returns the grayscale value of pixel ({@code col}, {@code row}) as a {@link java.awt.Color}. * * @param col the column index * @param row the row index * @return the grayscale value of pixel ({@code col}, {@code row}) * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException unless both {@code 0 <= col < width} and {@code 0 <= row < height} */ public Color get(int col, int row) { validateColumnIndex(col); validateRowIndex(row); Color color = new Color(image.getRGB(col, row)); return toGray(color); } /** * Returns the grayscale value of pixel ({@code col}, {@code row}) as an {@code int} * between 0 and 255. * Using this method can be more efficient than {@link #get(int, int)} because * it does not create a {@code Color} object. * * @param col the column index * @param row the row index * @return the 8-bit integer representation of the grayscale value of pixel ({@code col}, {@code row}) * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException unless both {@code 0 <= col < width} and {@code 0 <= row < height} */ public int getGrayscale(int col, int row) { validateColumnIndex(col); validateRowIndex(row); if (isOriginUpperLeft) return image.getRGB(col, row) & 0xFF; else return image.getRGB(col, height - row - 1) & 0xFF; } /** * Sets the color of pixel ({@code col}, {@code row}) to the given grayscale value. * * @param col the column index * @param row the row index * @param color the color (converts to grayscale if color is not a shade of gray) * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException unless both {@code 0 <= col < width} and {@code 0 <= row < height} * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code color} is {@code null} */ public void set(int col, int row, Color color) { validateColumnIndex(col); validateRowIndex(row); if (color == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("color argument is null"); Color gray = toGray(color); image.setRGB(col, row, gray.getRGB()); } /** * Sets the color of pixel ({@code col}, {@code row}) to the given grayscale value * between 0 and 255. * * @param col the column index * @param row the row index * @param gray the 8-bit integer representation of the grayscale value * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException unless both {@code 0 <= col < width} and {@code 0 <= row < height} */ public void setGrayscale(int col, int row, int gray) { validateColumnIndex(col); validateRowIndex(row); validateGrayscaleValue(gray); int rgb = gray | (gray << 8) | (gray << 16); if (isOriginUpperLeft) image.setRGB(col, row, rgb); else image.setRGB(col, height - row - 1, rgb); } /** * Returns true if this picture is equal to the argument picture. * * @param other the other picture * @return {@code true} if this picture is the same dimension as {@code other} * and if all pixels have the same color; {@code false} otherwise */ public boolean equals(Object other) { if (other == this) return true; if (other == null) return false; if (other.getClass() != this.getClass()) return false; GrayscalePicture that = (GrayscalePicture) other; if (this.width() != that.width()) return false; if (this.height() != that.height()) return false; for (int col = 0; col < width(); col++) for (int row = 0; row < height(); row++) if (this.getGrayscale(col, row) != that.getGrayscale(col, row)) return false; return true; } /** * Returns a string representation of this picture. * The result is a <code>width</code>-by-<code>height</code> matrix of pixels, * where the grayscale value of a pixel is an integer between 0 and 255. * * @return a string representation of this picture */ public String toString() { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); sb.append(width +"-by-" + height + " grayscale picture (grayscale values given in hex)\n"); for (int row = 0; row < height; row++) { for (int col = 0; col < width; col++) { int gray; if (isOriginUpperLeft) gray = 0xFF & image.getRGB(col, row); else gray = 0xFF & image.getRGB(col, height - row - 1); sb.append(String.format("%3d ", gray)); } sb.append("\n"); } return sb.toString().trim(); } /** * This operation is not supported because pictures are mutable. * * @return does not return a value * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if called */ public int hashCode() { throw new UnsupportedOperationException("hashCode() is not supported because pictures are mutable"); } /** * Saves the picture to a file in either PNG or JPEG format. * The filetype extension must be either .png or .jpg. * * @param filename the name of the file * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code filename} is {@code null} * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code filename} is the empty string * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code filename} has invalid filetype extension * @throws IllegalArgumentException if cannot write the file {@code filename} */ public void save(String filename) { if (filename == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument to save() is null"); save(new File(filename)); title = filename; } /** * Saves the picture to a file in a PNG or JPEG image format. * * @param file the file * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code file} is {@code null} */ public void save(File file) { if (file == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument to save() is null"); title = file.getName(); if (frame != null) frame.setTitle(title); String suffix = title.substring(title.lastIndexOf('.') + 1); if (!title.contains(".") || suffix.length() == 0) { System.out.printf("Error: the filename '%s' has no file extension, such as .jpg or .png\n", title); return; } try { // for formats that support transparency (e.g., PNG and GIF) if (ImageIO.write(image, suffix, file)) return; // for formats that don't support transparency (e.g., JPG and BMP) // create BufferedImage in RGB format and use white background BufferedImage imageRGB = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB); imageRGB.createGraphics().drawImage(image, 0, 0, Color.WHITE, null); if (ImageIO.write(imageRGB, suffix, file)) return; // failed to save the file; probably wrong format throw new IllegalArgumentException("The filetype '" + suffix + "' is not supported"); } catch (IOException e) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("could not write file '" + title + "'", e); } } /** * Opens a save dialog box when the user selects "Save As" from the menu. */ @Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { FileDialog chooser = new FileDialog(frame, "Use a .png or .jpg extension", FileDialog.SAVE); chooser.setVisible(true); String selectedDirectory = chooser.getDirectory(); String selectedFilename = chooser.getFile(); if (selectedDirectory != null && selectedFilename != null) { try { save(selectedDirectory + selectedFilename); } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { System.err.println(e.getMessage()); } } } /** * Unit tests this {@code Picture} data type. * Reads a picture specified by the command-line argument, * and shows it in a window on the screen. * * @param args the command-line arguments */ public static void main(String[] args) { GrayscalePicture picture = new GrayscalePicture(args[0]); StdOut.printf("%d-by-%d\n", picture.width(), picture.height()); GrayscalePicture copy = new GrayscalePicture(picture); picture.show(); copy.show(); while (!StdIn.isEmpty()) { int row = StdIn.readInt(); int col = StdIn.readInt(); int gray = StdIn.readInt(); picture.setGrayscale(row, col, gray); StdOut.println(picture.get(row, col)); StdOut.println(picture.getGrayscale(row, col)); } } } /****************************************************************************** * Copyright 2002-2022, Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne. * * This file is part of algs4.jar, which accompanies the textbook * * Algorithms, 4th edition by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne, * Addison-Wesley Professional, 2011, ISBN 0-321-57351-X. * http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu * * * algs4.jar is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * algs4.jar is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with algs4.jar. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses. ******************************************************************************/