/******************************************************************************
 *  Compilation:  javac BinarySearchST.java
 *  Execution:    java BinarySearchST
 *  Dependencies: StdIn.java StdOut.java
 *  Data files:   https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/31elementary/tinyST.txt
 *
 *  Symbol table implementation with binary search in an ordered array.
 *
 *  % more tinyST.txt
 *  S E A R C H E X A M P L E
 *
 *  % java BinarySearchST < tinyST.txt
 *  A 8
 *  C 4
 *  E 12
 *  H 5
 *  L 11
 *  M 9
 *  P 10
 *  R 3
 *  S 0
 *  X 7
 *
 ******************************************************************************/

package edu.princeton.cs.algs4;

import java.util.NoSuchElementException;

/**
 *  The {@code BST} class represents an ordered symbol table of generic
 *  key-value pairs.
 *  It supports the usual <em>put</em>, <em>get</em>, <em>contains</em>,
 *  <em>delete</em>, <em>size</em>, and <em>is-empty</em> methods.
 *  It also provides ordered methods for finding the <em>minimum</em>,
 *  <em>maximum</em>, <em>floor</em>, <em>select</em>, and <em>ceiling</em>.
 *  It also provides a <em>keys</em> method for iterating over all of the keys.
 *  A symbol table implements the <em>associative array</em> abstraction:
 *  when associating a value with a key that is already in the symbol table,
 *  the convention is to replace the old value with the new value.
 *  Unlike {@link java.util.Map}, this class uses the convention that
 *  values cannot be {@code null}—setting the
 *  value associated with a key to {@code null} is equivalent to deleting the key
 *  from the symbol table.
 *  <p>
 *  It requires that
 *  the key type implements the {@code Comparable} interface and calls the
 *  {@code compareTo()} and method to compare two keys. It does not call either
 *  {@code equals()} or {@code hashCode()}.
 *  <p>
 *  This implementation uses a <em>sorted array</em>.
 *  The <em>put</em> and <em>remove</em> operations take &Theta;(<em>n</em>)
 *  time in the worst case.
 *  The <em>contains</em>, <em>ceiling</em>, <em>floor</em>,
 *  and <em>rank</em> operations take &Theta;(log <em>n</em>) time in the worst
 *  case.
 *  The <em>size</em>, <em>is-empty</em>, <em>minimum</em>, <em>maximum</em>,
 *  and <em>select</em> operations take &Theta;(1) time.
 *  Construction takes &Theta;(1) time.
 *  <p>
 *  For alternative implementations of the symbol table API,
 *  see {@link ST}, {@link BST}, {@link SequentialSearchST}, {@link RedBlackBST},
 *  {@link SeparateChainingHashST}, and {@link LinearProbingHashST},
 *  For additional documentation,
 *  see <a href="https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/31elementary">Section 3.1</a> of
 *  <i>Algorithms, 4th Edition</i> by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
 */
public class BinarySearchST<Key extends Comparable<Key>, Value> {
    private static final int INIT_CAPACITY = 2;
    private Key[] keys;
    private Value[] vals;
    private int n = 0;

    /**
     * Initializes an empty symbol table.
     */
    public BinarySearchST() {
        this(INIT_CAPACITY);
    }

    /**
     * Initializes an empty symbol table with the specified initial capacity.
     * @param capacity the maximum capacity
     */
    public BinarySearchST(int capacity) {
        keys = (Key[]) new Comparable[capacity];
        vals = (Value[]) new Object[capacity];
    }

    // resize the underlying arrays
    private void resize(int capacity) {
        assert capacity >= n;
        Key[]   tempk = (Key[])   new Comparable[capacity];
        Value[] tempv = (Value[]) new Object[capacity];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            tempk[i] = keys[i];
            tempv[i] = vals[i];
        }
        vals = tempv;
        keys = tempk;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of key-value pairs in this symbol table.
     *
     * @return the number of key-value pairs in this symbol table
     */
    public int size() {
        return n;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if this symbol table is empty.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this symbol table is empty;
     *         {@code false} otherwise
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size() == 0;
    }


    /**
     * Does this symbol table contain the given key?
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @return {@code true} if this symbol table contains {@code key} and
     *         {@code false} otherwise
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is {@code null}
     */
    public boolean contains(Key key) {
        if (key == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument to contains() is null");
        return get(key) != null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value associated with the given key in this symbol table.
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @return the value associated with the given key if the key is in the symbol table
     *         and {@code null} if the key is not in the symbol table
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is {@code null}
     */
    public Value get(Key key) {
        if (key == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument to get() is null");
        if (isEmpty()) return null;
        int i = rank(key);
        if (i < n && keys[i].compareTo(key) == 0) return vals[i];
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of keys in this symbol table strictly less than {@code key}.
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @return the number of keys in the symbol table strictly less than {@code key}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is {@code null}
     */
    public int rank(Key key) {
        if (key == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument to rank() is null");

        int lo = 0, hi = n-1;
        while (lo <= hi) {
            int mid = lo + (hi - lo) / 2;
            int cmp = key.compareTo(keys[mid]);
            if      (cmp < 0) hi = mid - 1;
            else if (cmp > 0) lo = mid + 1;
            else return mid;
        }
        return lo;
    }



    /**
     * Inserts the specified key-value pair into the symbol table, overwriting the old
     * value with the new value if the symbol table already contains the specified key.
     * Deletes the specified key (and its associated value) from this symbol table
     * if the specified value is {@code null}.
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @param  val the value
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is {@code null}
     */
    public void put(Key key, Value val)  {
        if (key == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("first argument to put() is null");

        if (val == null) {
            delete(key);
            return;
        }

        int i = rank(key);

        // key is already in table
        if (i < n && keys[i].compareTo(key) == 0) {
            vals[i] = val;
            return;
        }

        // insert new key-value pair
        if (n == keys.length) resize(2*keys.length);

        for (int j = n; j > i; j--)  {
            keys[j] = keys[j-1];
            vals[j] = vals[j-1];
        }
        keys[i] = key;
        vals[i] = val;
        n++;

        assert check();
    }

    /**
     * Removes the specified key and associated value from this symbol table
     * (if the key is in the symbol table).
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is {@code null}
     */
    public void delete(Key key) {
        if (key == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument to delete() is null");
        if (isEmpty()) return;

        // compute rank
        int i = rank(key);

        // key not in table
        if (i == n || keys[i].compareTo(key) != 0) {
            return;
        }

        for (int j = i; j < n-1; j++)  {
            keys[j] = keys[j+1];
            vals[j] = vals[j+1];
        }

        n--;
        keys[n] = null;  // to avoid loitering
        vals[n] = null;

        // resize if 1/4 full
        if (n > 0 && n == keys.length/4) resize(keys.length/2);

        assert check();
    }

    /**
     * Removes the smallest key and associated value from this symbol table.
     *
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if the symbol table is empty
     */
    public void deleteMin() {
        if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("Symbol table underflow error");
        delete(min());
    }

    /**
     * Removes the largest key and associated value from this symbol table.
     *
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if the symbol table is empty
     */
    public void deleteMax() {
        if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("Symbol table underflow error");
        delete(max());
    }


   /***************************************************************************
    *  Ordered symbol table methods.
    ***************************************************************************/

   /**
     * Returns the smallest key in this symbol table.
     *
     * @return the smallest key in this symbol table
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this symbol table is empty
     */
    public Key min() {
        if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("called min() with empty symbol table");
        return keys[0];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the largest key in this symbol table.
     *
     * @return the largest key in this symbol table
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this symbol table is empty
     */
    public Key max() {
        if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("called max() with empty symbol table");
        return keys[n-1];
    }

    /**
     * Return the kth smallest key in this symbol table.
     *
     * @param  k the order statistic
     * @return the {@code k}th smallest key in this symbol table
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException unless {@code k} is between 0 and
     *        <em>n</em>–1
     */
    public Key select(int k) {
        if (k < 0 || k >= size()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("called select() with invalid argument: " + k);
        }
        return keys[k];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the largest key in this symbol table less than or equal to {@code key}.
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @return the largest key in this symbol table less than or equal to {@code key}
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if there is no such key
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is {@code null}
     */
    public Key floor(Key key) {
        if (key == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument to floor() is null");
        int i = rank(key);
        if (i < n && key.compareTo(keys[i]) == 0) return keys[i];
        if (i == 0) throw new NoSuchElementException("argument to floor() is too small");
        else return keys[i-1];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the smallest key in this symbol table greater than or equal to {@code key}.
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @return the smallest key in this symbol table greater than or equal to {@code key}
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if there is no such key
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is {@code null}
     */
    public Key ceiling(Key key) {
        if (key == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument to ceiling() is null");
        int i = rank(key);
        if (i == n) throw new NoSuchElementException("argument to ceiling() is too large");
        else return keys[i];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of keys in this symbol table in the specified range.
     *
     * @param lo minimum endpoint
     * @param hi maximum endpoint
     * @return the number of keys in this symbol table between {@code lo}
     *         (inclusive) and {@code hi} (inclusive)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if either {@code lo} or {@code hi}
     *         is {@code null}
     */
    public int size(Key lo, Key hi) {
        if (lo == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("first argument to size() is null");
        if (hi == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("second argument to size() is null");

        if (lo.compareTo(hi) > 0) return 0;
        if (contains(hi)) return rank(hi) - rank(lo) + 1;
        else              return rank(hi) - rank(lo);
    }

    /**
     * Returns all keys in this symbol table as an {@code Iterable}.
     * To iterate over all of the keys in the symbol table named {@code st},
     * use the foreach notation: {@code for (Key key : st.keys())}.
     *
     * @return all keys in this symbol table
     */
    public Iterable<Key> keys() {
        return keys(min(), max());
    }

    /**
     * Returns all keys in this symbol table in the given range,
     * as an {@code Iterable}.
     *
     * @param lo minimum endpoint
     * @param hi maximum endpoint
     * @return all keys in this symbol table between {@code lo}
     *         (inclusive) and {@code hi} (inclusive)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if either {@code lo} or {@code hi}
     *         is {@code null}
     */
    public Iterable<Key> keys(Key lo, Key hi) {
        if (lo == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("first argument to keys() is null");
        if (hi == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("second argument to keys() is null");

        Queue<Key> queue = new Queue<Key>();
        if (lo.compareTo(hi) > 0) return queue;
        for (int i = rank(lo); i < rank(hi); i++)
            queue.enqueue(keys[i]);
        if (contains(hi)) queue.enqueue(keys[rank(hi)]);
        return queue;
    }


   /***************************************************************************
    *  Check internal invariants.
    ***************************************************************************/

    private boolean check() {
        return isSorted() && rankCheck();
    }

    // are the items in the array in ascending order?
    private boolean isSorted() {
        for (int i = 1; i < size(); i++)
            if (keys[i].compareTo(keys[i-1]) < 0) return false;
        return true;
    }

    // check that rank(select(i)) = i
    private boolean rankCheck() {
        for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++)
            if (i != rank(select(i))) return false;
        for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++)
            if (keys[i].compareTo(select(rank(keys[i]))) != 0) return false;
        return true;
    }


    /**
     * Unit tests the {@code BinarySearchST} data type.
     *
     * @param args the command-line arguments
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        BinarySearchST<String, Integer> st = new BinarySearchST<String, Integer>();
        for (int i = 0; !StdIn.isEmpty(); i++) {
            String key = StdIn.readString();
            st.put(key, i);
        }
        for (String s : st.keys())
            StdOut.println(s + " " + st.get(s));
    }
}

/******************************************************************************
 *  Copyright 2002-2022, Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
 *
 *  This file is part of algs4.jar, which accompanies the textbook
 *
 *      Algorithms, 4th edition by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne,
 *      Addison-Wesley Professional, 2011, ISBN 0-321-57351-X.
 *      http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu
 *
 *
 *  algs4.jar is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 *  (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  algs4.jar is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *  along with algs4.jar.  If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses.
 ******************************************************************************/