/******************************************************************************
* Compilation: javac Graph.java
* Execution: java Graph input.txt
* Dependencies: Bag.java Stack.java In.java StdOut.java
* Data files: https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/41graph/tinyG.txt
* https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/41graph/mediumG.txt
* https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/41graph/largeG.txt
*
* A graph, implemented using an array of sets.
* Parallel edges and self-loops allowed.
*
* % java Graph tinyG.txt
* 13 vertices, 13 edges
* 0: 6 2 1 5
* 1: 0
* 2: 0
* 3: 5 4
* 4: 5 6 3
* 5: 3 4 0
* 6: 0 4
* 7: 8
* 8: 7
* 9: 11 10 12
* 10: 9
* 11: 9 12
* 12: 11 9
*
* % java Graph mediumG.txt
* 250 vertices, 1273 edges
* 0: 225 222 211 209 204 202 191 176 163 160 149 114 97 80 68 59 58 49 44 24 15
* 1: 220 203 200 194 189 164 150 130 107 72
* 2: 141 110 108 86 79 51 42 18 14
* ...
*
******************************************************************************/
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
/**
* The {@code Graph} class represents an undirected graph of vertices
* named 0 through V – 1.
* It supports the following two primary operations: add an edge to the graph,
* iterate over all of the vertices adjacent to a vertex. It also provides
* methods for returning the degree of a vertex, the number of vertices
* V in the graph, and the number of edges E in the graph.
* Parallel edges and self-loops are permitted.
* By convention, a self-loop v-v appears in the
* adjacency list of v twice and contributes two to the degree
* of v.
*
* This implementation uses an adjacency-lists representation, which
* is a vertex-indexed array of {@link Bag} objects.
* It uses Θ(E + V) space, where E is
* the number of edges and V is the number of vertices.
* All instance methods take Θ(1) time. (Though, iterating over
* the vertices returned by {@link #adj(int)} takes time proportional
* to the degree of the vertex.)
* Constructing an empty graph with V vertices takes
* Θ(V) time; constructing a graph with E edges
* and V vertices takes Θ(E + V) time.
*
* For additional documentation, see
* Section 4.1
* of Algorithms, 4th Edition by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
*
* @author Robert Sedgewick
* @author Kevin Wayne
*/
public class Graph {
private static final String NEWLINE = System.getProperty("line.separator");
private final int V;
private int E;
private Bag[] adj;
/**
* Initializes an empty graph with {@code V} vertices and 0 edges.
* param V the number of vertices
*
* @param V number of vertices
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code V < 0}
*/
public Graph(int V) {
if (V < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Number of vertices must be non-negative");
this.V = V;
this.E = 0;
adj = (Bag[]) new Bag[V];
for (int v = 0; v < V; v++) {
adj[v] = new Bag();
}
}
/**
* Initializes a graph from the specified input stream.
* The format is the number of vertices V,
* followed by the number of edges E,
* followed by E pairs of vertices, with each entry separated by whitespace.
*
* @param in the input stream
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code in} is {@code null}
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the endpoints of any edge are not in prescribed range
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the number of vertices or edges is negative
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the input stream is in the wrong format
*/
public Graph(In in) {
if (in == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument is null");
try {
this.V = in.readInt();
if (V < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("number of vertices in a Graph must be non-negative");
adj = (Bag[]) new Bag[V];
for (int v = 0; v < V; v++) {
adj[v] = new Bag();
}
int E = in.readInt();
if (E < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("number of edges in a Graph must be non-negative");
for (int i = 0; i < E; i++) {
int v = in.readInt();
int w = in.readInt();
validateVertex(v);
validateVertex(w);
addEdge(v, w);
}
}
catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid input format in Graph constructor", e);
}
}
/**
* Initializes a new graph that is a deep copy of {@code G}.
*
* @param G the graph to copy
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code G} is {@code null}
*/
public Graph(Graph G) {
this.V = G.V();
this.E = G.E();
if (V < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Number of vertices must be non-negative");
// update adjacency lists
adj = (Bag[]) new Bag[V];
for (int v = 0; v < V; v++) {
adj[v] = new Bag();
}
for (int v = 0; v < G.V(); v++) {
// reverse so that adjacency list is in same order as original
Stack reverse = new Stack();
for (int w : G.adj[v]) {
reverse.push(w);
}
for (int w : reverse) {
adj[v].add(w);
}
}
}
/**
* Returns the number of vertices in this graph.
*
* @return the number of vertices in this graph
*/
public int V() {
return V;
}
/**
* Returns the number of edges in this graph.
*
* @return the number of edges in this graph
*/
public int E() {
return E;
}
// throw an IllegalArgumentException unless {@code 0 <= v < V}
private void validateVertex(int v) {
if (v < 0 || v >= V)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("vertex " + v + " is not between 0 and " + (V-1));
}
/**
* Adds the undirected edge v-w to this graph.
*
* @param v one vertex in the edge
* @param w the other vertex in the edge
* @throws IllegalArgumentException unless both {@code 0 <= v < V} and {@code 0 <= w < V}
*/
public void addEdge(int v, int w) {
validateVertex(v);
validateVertex(w);
E++;
adj[v].add(w);
adj[w].add(v);
}
/**
* Returns the vertices adjacent to vertex {@code v}.
*
* @param v the vertex
* @return the vertices adjacent to vertex {@code v}, as an iterable
* @throws IllegalArgumentException unless {@code 0 <= v < V}
*/
public Iterable adj(int v) {
validateVertex(v);
return adj[v];
}
/**
* Returns the degree of vertex {@code v}.
*
* @param v the vertex
* @return the degree of vertex {@code v}
* @throws IllegalArgumentException unless {@code 0 <= v < V}
*/
public int degree(int v) {
validateVertex(v);
return adj[v].size();
}
/**
* Returns a string representation of this graph.
*
* @return the number of vertices V, followed by the number of edges E,
* followed by the V adjacency lists
*/
public String toString() {
StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
s.append(V + " vertices, " + E + " edges " + NEWLINE);
for (int v = 0; v < V; v++) {
s.append(v + ": ");
for (int w : adj[v]) {
s.append(w + " ");
}
s.append(NEWLINE);
}
return s.toString();
}
/**
* Unit tests the {@code Graph} data type.
*
* @param args the command-line arguments
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
In in = new In(args[0]);
Graph G = new Graph(in);
StdOut.println(G);
}
}